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Open Topic notesTopic 1.4 · AP U.S. History
Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest
Trace the movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas across the Atlantic—and evaluate its unequal human and environmental consequences.
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- 01
Describe the biological and material exchanges that followed sustained Atlantic contact.
- 02
Evaluate demographic and environmental effects in the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
- 03
Use cause-and-effect reasoning to explain how exchange reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
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